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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, but a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these pieces? The software application I have access to makes estimating the depth a little tricky. If, however, the leading 3 pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would guess that each piece is about 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in total.

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Fortunately for us, the majority of the sites we are interested in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other methods? Comparison of the Earth Resistance data (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive strategy measuring local variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active technique: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the existence of an electromagnetic field. Just how much soil is checked depends on the size of the test coil: it can be really little or it can be relatively big.

The sensing unit in this case is very little and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a large "field coil" in use at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By measuring magnetic vulnerability at a reasonably coarse scale, we can identify locations of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a dependable mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. Among which is the Wildcat site in Ohio.

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These villages are often laid out around a main open location or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer survey had located a range of functions and homes. The magnetic vulnerability survey helped, however, specify the main area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open location.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is therefore of fantastic usage in defining areas of general occupation rather than recognizing specific functions.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface area to determine the physical properties of the subsurface - Geophysical Surveys For Planning & More in Kalamunda WA 2020. Geophysical surveying methods usually measure these geophysical properties in addition to abnormalities in order to evaluate numerous subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.